{"id":650,"date":"2020-05-26T01:02:06","date_gmt":"2020-05-26T01:02:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/?page_id=650"},"modified":"2021-11-12T11:00:31","modified_gmt":"2021-11-12T11:00:31","slug":"monitoring-control-systems","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/monitoring-control-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Monitoring and Control Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"responsive-tabs\">\n<h2 class=\"tabtitle\">Video<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tabcontent\">\n\n<div class=\"nv-iframe-embed\">\n<div class=\"container-lazyload preview-lazyload container-youtube js-lazyload--not-loaded\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aw_RE4auFk0\" class=\"lazy-load-youtube preview-lazyload preview-youtube\" data-video-title=\"Monitoring and Control Systems (GCSE, IGCSE, A Level)\" title=\"Play video &quot;Monitoring and Control Systems (GCSE, IGCSE, A Level)&quot;\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aw_RE4auFk0<\/a><noscript>Video can&#8217;t be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aw_RE4auFk0\" title=\"Monitoring and Control Systems (GCSE, IGCSE, A Level)\">Monitoring and Control Systems (GCSE, IGCSE, A Level) (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aw_RE4auFk0)<\/a><\/noscript><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/13dozlEDsPKmfR6ICRZFM2a5a7CGMMJ8F\/view?usp=sharing\">YouTube blocked? Click here for the Google Drive Version<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><h2 class=\"tabtitle\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tabcontent\">\n\n<h3>Monitoring vs Control Systems<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitoring systems<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> seek to observe and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">record<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> data about about an environment through the use of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sensors<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, e.g. recording the temperature of a greenhouse..<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control systems<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> seek to actively <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">maintain or change<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the state of an system through the use of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">actuators<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The control system is continually monitoring the inputs and adjusting the outputs from actuators through a feedback loop.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the heart of both processes is a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">microcontroller<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Example 1 : Heart Rate Monitoring system<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Heart rate monitor systems are commonly used both in hospitals and by individuals who want to track their health.<\/p>\n<p>The systems usually give visual output on the display and often data is logged in persistent file storage for future analysis.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1642\" style=\"width: 235px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1642\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1642\" src=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/heart-raate-monitor-cie-a-level-monitoring-and-control-systems-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/heart-raate-monitor-cie-a-level-monitoring-and-control-systems-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/heart-raate-monitor-cie-a-level-monitoring-and-control-systems.jpg 675w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1642\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wrist mounted heart rate monitor<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Example 2 : Automatic Blood Glucose Control system<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the past patients would have to monitor their blood glucose levels manually and give themselves an insulin injection as necessary. Advances in technology mean that glucose can now be controlled automatically through the use of a closed loop control system.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1631\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1631\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1631 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/diabetes-2424105_640-300x225.jpg?_t=1613097687\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/diabetes-2424105_640-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/diabetes-2424105_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1631\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Without an automatic blood sugar controller patients have to take a blood sample manually<\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><h2 class=\"tabtitle\">Sensors<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tabcontent\">\n\n<h3>Sensors<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Analogue Sensors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The most basic sensors are analogue sensors. These a usually resistance varying components that are connected directly to the GPIO pins of a microcontroller, combined with a Pull Up \/ Pull Down resistor. The Microcontroller if then responsible converting the signal to digital format via the on-board ADC chip.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1637\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1637\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1637\" src=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/ldr-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/ldr-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/ldr.jpg 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1637\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Light Dependent Resistor<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_1638\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1638\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1638\" src=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/thermistor-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1638\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thermistor<br \/>Temperature Sensor<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Digital Sensors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>More complex sensors contain the ADC chip on the sensor board itself and send data digitally via a serial connection.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1639\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1639\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1639 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/ultrasonic-sensor-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/ultrasonic-sensor-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/ultrasonic-sensor.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1639\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ultrasonic Distance Sensor<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_1640\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1640\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1640\" src=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/accelerometer-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/accelerometer-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/accelerometer-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/accelerometer.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1640\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Accelerometer<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<\/div><h2 class=\"tabtitle\">Actuators<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tabcontent\">\n\n<h3>Actuators<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actuators are a component of a system that converts a control signal into some kind of mechanic motion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They can:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">operate values<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.orientalmotor.com\/applications\/index.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drive motors \/ conveyor belts<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Switch switches<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_1643\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1643\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1643\" src=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/actuator-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/actuator-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/actuator-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2020\/05\/actuator.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1643\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electrical Actuator controlling a water value. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Actuator#\/media\/File:Compact_and_electric_valve_actuator.jpg\">Credit Le Edits &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<\/div><h2 class=\"tabtitle\">DAC\/ADC<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tabcontent\">\n\n<h3>Analogue to Digital Convertor<\/h3>\n<p>Data needs to be converted from analogue format (e.g. the voltage running through a temperature sensor circuit) into a digital value the the computer can read. This is the job of the analogue to digital convertor (ADC). Some temperature sensors have an ADC chip built into the device and then the digital data is sent onto the microcontroller using a serial connection(such as USB). On other devices (for example when you connect a light dependent resistor to the GPIO pins of a microcontroller then the ADC on the controller itself handles the conversion.<\/p>\n<h3>Digital to Analogue Convertor<\/h3>\n<p>When sending the control signal to the actuator the signal may need to be converted to analogue format before or after the transfer. This is the just of the digital to analogue converter.<\/p>\n<p>For example when turning on a electrical motor actuator, then the signal needs to be converted from a number stored in binary to a voltage supplied to\u00a0 circuit.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<\/div><h2 class=\"tabtitle\">Bit Manipulation<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tabcontent\">\n\n<h3>Bit Manipulation in control systems<\/h3>\n<p>Simple control systems often have very little in the way of processing power and only a few bytes of memory. In order to use memory efficiently each bit within a byte can be used to store Boolean data about the state of a system, such as whether a sensor has been triggered.<\/p>\n<p>Simple binary manipulation together with <a href=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/bitwise-operations\/\">bit-masking<\/a> can allow individual bits to be read, set or toggled. For more information take a look at the <a href=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/bitwise-operations\/\">bit-masking page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<\/div><h2 class=\"tabtitle\">Resources<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tabcontent\">\n\n<h3>Resources<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/daniel-gce-al.weebly.com\/uploads\/1\/4\/1\/2\/1412714\/361_monitoring_and_control_systems.pdf\">https:\/\/daniel-gce-al.weebly.com\/uploads\/1\/4\/1\/2\/1412714\/361_monitoring_and_control_systems.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/1CoU26XoSRuNUruvmPfYuOCI-QDRkrPtKkO_V_BV2vHA\/edit?usp=sharing\">Teacher Presentation<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Past Paper Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S15 Paper 11 Qn 4 \/ 7\u00a0 (Logic circuits and sensors)<\/p>\n<p>W15 Paper 11 Qn 5<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aw_RE4auFk0Video can&#8217;t be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: Monitoring and Control Systems (GCSE, IGCSE, A Level) (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aw_RE4auFk0) YouTube blocked? Click here for the Google Drive Version Monitoring vs Control Systems Monitoring systems seek to observe and record data about about an environment through the use of sensors, e.g. recording the temperature of a greenhouse.. Control&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/monitoring-control-systems\/\" class=\"\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Monitoring and Control Systems<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"on","neve_meta_content_width":82,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Monitoring and Control Systems - A Level Computer Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learnlearn.uk\/alevelcs\/monitoring-control-systems\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Monitoring and Control Systems - A Level Computer Science\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aw_RE4auFk0Video can&#8217;t be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: Monitoring and Control Systems (GCSE, IGCSE, A Level) (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aw_RE4auFk0) YouTube blocked? 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